Gloria macapagal-arroyo administration summary
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
President of the Philippines from to
In this Philippine name&#;for married women, the birth middle name or maternal family name is Macaraeg, the birth surname or paternal family name is Macapagal, and the marital name is Arroyo.
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo | |
|---|---|
Arroyo in | |
| In office January 20, &#;– June 30, | |
| Vice President | |
| Preceded by | Joseph Estrada |
| Succeeded by | Benigno Aquino III |
| In office June 30, &#;– January 20, | |
| President | Joseph Estrada |
| Preceded by | Joseph Estrada |
| Succeeded by | Teofisto Guingona Jr. |
| In office July 23, &#;– June 30, | |
| Preceded by | Pantaleon Alvarez |
| Succeeded by | Alan Peter Cayetano |
| Officer in Charge November 30, &#;– February 1, | |
| President | Herself |
| Preceded by | Avelino Cruz |
| Succeeded by | Hermogenes Ebdane |
| Acting September 1, &#;– October 2, | |
| President | Herself |
| Preceded by | Angelo Reyes |
| Succeeded by | Eduardo Ermita |
| In office June 30, &#;– October 12, | |
| President | Joseph Estrada |
| Preceded by | Lilian Laigo |
| Succeeded by | Dulce Saguisag |
| In office June 30, &#;– June 30, [a] | |
| In office July 25, &#;– May 17, Serving with several others | |
| House Speaker | Martin Romualdez |
| Succeeded by | Aurelio Gonzales Jr. |
| In office August 15, &#;– March 15, Serving with several others | |
| House Speaker | Pantaleon Alvarez |
| Preceded by | Roberto Puno |
| Succeeded by | Linabelle Villarica |
| In office May 17, &#;– November 7, Serving with several others | |
| Preceded by | Aurelio Gonzales Jr. |
| Succeeded by | Tonypet Albano |
Incumbent | |
| Assumed office June 30, | |
| Preceded by | Mikey Arroyo |
| In office June 30, &#;– June 30, | |
| Preceded by | Mikey Arroyo |
| Succeeded by | Mikey Arroyo |
| In office November 26, &#;– October 4, | |
| President | Rodrigo Duterte |
| In office – | |
| President | Corazon Aquino |
| In office – | |
| Preceded by | Position established |
| Succeeded by | Gilbert Teodoro |
| Born | Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal () April 5, (age&#;77) Manila, Philippines |
| Political party | Lakas–CMD (–; –present)[1] |
| Other political affiliations | |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 3, including Mikey and Dato |
| Parents | |
| Alma mater | |
| Occupation | Politician |
| Profession | |
| Signature | |
Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-Arroyo (Tagalog:[ˈɡloɾjamakapaˈɡalʔaˈɾojo]; born April 5, [3]), often referred to as PGMA or GMA, is a Filipino academic and politician who served as the 14th president of the Philippines from to She is the longest-serving president since Ferdinand Marcos.
Before her presidency, she was the 10th vice president of the Philippines from to under President Joseph Estrada, becoming the first female vice president. She was also a senator from to After her presidency, she was elected as the representative of Pampanga's 2nd district in and continues to serve in this role.
She also served as the speaker of the House from to , and as deputy speaker from to and to Alongside former president Sergio Osmeña, she is one of only two Filipinos to hold at least three of the four highest offices: vice president, president, and house speaker.[4]
Arroyo is the first president to succeed the presidency as the child of a previous president; her father was Diosdado Macapagal, the country's ninth president from to [5] She studied economics at Georgetown University in the United States, where she became friends with her classmate and future U.S.
president Bill Clinton.[6] She then became a professor of economics at the Ateneo de Manila University, where her eventual successor, President Benigno Aquino III, was one of her students. She entered government in as assistant secretary and undersecretary of the Department of Trade and Industry under President Corazon Aquino, Benigno's mother.
After Estrada was accused of corruption, Arroyo resigned from her cabinet position as secretary of the Department of Social Welfare and Development and joined the opposition against the president. Estrada was ousted by the Second EDSA Revolution in , and Arroyo was sworn in as president by Chief JusticeHilario Davide Jr. on January The Oakwood mutiny occurred in during her administration.[7][8] She was elected to a full six-year term in the controversial presidential election and was sworn in on June 30, A long-time opponent of the death penalty,[9] she abolished capital punishment in after commuting the death sentences of over 1, prisoners.[10][11]
On November 18, , Arroyo was arrested and held at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City on charges of electoral sabotage[12][13] but released on bail in July These charges were later dropped for lack of evidence.
Biography of gloria macapagal-arroyo international criminal court headquarters On January 20, when the corruption scandal and national actions about it drew to a head the Supreme court of the Philippines declared that the country`s president post became vacant. At the same day María Gloria Makapagal-Arroyo was put on oath as the head of the state.She was rearrested in October on charges of misuse of $ million in state lottery funds.[14] She was given hospital arrest due to life-threatening health conditions.[15] During the presidency of Rodrigo Duterte, the Supreme Court acquitted her by a vote of 11–4.[16] Also, the Supreme Court declared the Department of Justice's 'hold departure orders' unconstitutional.[17][18] Arroyo's lawyers stated afterward that she no longer needed her medical paraphernalia.[19]
Arroyo is a member of the Philippine Academy of the Spanish Language[20] and supported the teaching of Spanish in the country's education system during her presidency.[21]
Early life
Arroyo was born as Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal on April 5, , in San Juan, Rizal, Philippines, to lawyer Diosdado Macapagal and his wife, Evangelina Guico Macaraeg Macapagal.
She is the sister of Diosdado "Boboy" Macapagal Jr. She has two older siblings from her father's first marriage with Purita de la Rosa, the sister of Rogelio de la Rosa,[22] Arturo Macapagal and Cielo Macapagal Salgado.[3][23] She was raised mostly in Lubao, Pampanga and during summer vacations, she lived with her maternal grandmother in Iligan City.[3][24]
She moved with her family into Malacañang Palace in Manila when her father became president.
A municipality was named in her honor, Gloria, Oriental Mindoro. She attended Assumption Convent for her elementary and high school education, graduating valedictorian in Arroyo then studied for two years at Georgetown University's Walsh School of Foreign Service in Washington, D.C. where she was a classmate of future United States president Bill Clinton.[25] She then earned her Bachelor of Arts degree in Economics from Assumption College San Lorenzo graduating magna cum laude in
Personal life
In , Arroyo married lawyer and businessman Jose Miguel Arroyo of Binalbagan, Negros Occidental.[3] They have three children: including Juan Miguel (born ), [26] and Diosdado Ignacio Jose Maria (born ).
She received a master's degree in economics at the Ateneo de Manila University () and a Ph.D. in economics from the University of the Philippines Diliman ().[27] From to , she held teaching positions in several schools, including the University of the Philippines and the Ateneo de Manila University. She became chairperson of the Economics Department at Assumption College.[28][better&#;source&#;needed]
In , she was invited by President Corazon Aquino to join the government as assistant secretary of the Department of Trade and Industry.
She was promoted to undersecretary two years later. In her concurrent position as executive director of the Garments and Textile Export Board, Arroyo oversaw the rapid growth of the garment industry in the late s.[citation needed]
Senator (–)
Arroyo entered politics in the election, running for senator.
At the first general election under the Constitution, the top twelve vote-getting senatorial candidates would win a six-year term, and the next twelve candidates would win a three-year term.[29] Arroyo ranked 13th in the elections, earning a three-year term. She was re-elected in , topping the senatorial election with nearly 16 million votes.
As a legislator, Arroyo filed over bills and authored or sponsored 55 laws during her tenure as senator, including the Anti-Sexual Harassment Law, the Indigenous People's Rights Law, and the Export Development Act.[3] The Mining Act, which allows % foreign ownership of Philippine mines, has come under fire from left-wing political groups.[citation needed] Arroyo was also openly against the implementation of capital punishment in the country, advocating instead for better criminal rehabilitation during her time as Senator.[9]
Arroyo considered a run for the presidency in the election, but was persuaded by President Fidel V.
Ramos and leaders of the administration party Lakas-NUCD to instead seek the vice-presidency as the running mate of its presidential candidate, House Speaker Jose de Venecia, Jr.[30] Though the latter lost to popular former actor Joseph Estrada, Arroyo won the vice presidency by a large margin, garnering more than twice the votes of her closest opponent, Estrada's running mate Senator Edgardo Angara.[31]
Arroyo began her term as vice president on June 30, , becoming the first female to hold the post.
She was appointed by Estrada to a concurrent position in the cabinet as secretary of social welfare and development.[30] As vice president, she was noted by political observers to continuously take a neutral stance on issues facing the government.[32]
Arroyo resigned from the Cabinet in October , distancing herself from Estrada, who was accused of corruption by a former political supporter, Chavit Singson, Governor of Ilocos Sur.[33] She had initially resisted pressure from allies to speak out against Estrada,[34] but eventually joined calls for Estrada's resignation.[33]
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo
First term (–)
Succession
The last quarter of up to the first week of January was a period of political and economic uncertainty for the Philippines.
On January 16, , the impeachment trial also took a new direction. Private prosecutors walked out of the trial when pro-Estrada senators prevented the opening of an evidence (a brown envelope) containing bank records allegedly owned by President Joseph Estrada. With the walkout, the impeachment trial was not completed and Filipinos eventually took to the streets in masses to continue the clamor for President Estrada's resignation.
From January 17 to 20, , hundreds of thousands of Filipinos gathered at Epifanio de los Santos Avenue (EDSA), the site of the original People Power Revolution. The clamor for a change in the presidency gained momentum as various sectors of Philippine society – professionals, students, artists, politicians, leftist and rightist groups – joined what became known as EDSA II.
Officials of the administration, the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), the latter led by Panfilo Lacson, also withdrew their support for President Estrada.
Days after leaving Malacañang Palace, President Estrada's lawyers and allies questioned the legitimacy of Arroyo's presidency before the Supreme Court, with Senator Miriam Defensor Santiago among the more outspoken politicians to call for his reinstatement as president.[35][36] Estrada reiterated that he had not officially resigned as president and that at most, Arroyo was just serving in an acting capacity.
The high court, however, voted unanimously to uphold the legitimacy of Arroyo's succession. As a consequence, Estrada no longer enjoys immunity from charges being filed against him.
Biography of gloria macapagal-arroyo international criminal court israel: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born April 5, , San Juan, Philippines) is a Filipino politician who was president of the Philippines (–10). Arroyo’s father, Diosdado P. Macapagal, was president of the Philippines from to
In the last week of April , the Sandiganbayan ordered the arrest of Estrada and his son, then mayor Jinggoy Estrada, for plunder charges. A few days later, Estrada supporters protested his arrest, gathered at the EDSA Shrine, and staged what they called, EDSA III – comparing their actions to the People Power revolution of and January [37]
Thousands of protesters demanded the release of Estrada.
Eventually, they also called for the ouster of Arroyo and the reinstatement of the former. On May 1, , they marched towards Malacañang to force Arroyo to give in to their demands. Violence erupted when the protesters attempted to storm the presidential palace and the military and police were ordered to use their arms to drive them back.
Arroyo declared a state of rebellion because of the violence and prominent political personalities affiliated with Estrada were charged and arrested.[38] The so-called EDSA III was the first serious political challenge to the Arroyo presidency.
Biography of gloria macapagal-arroyo international criminal court member countries Gloria Macapagal Arroyo (born April 5, , San Juan, Philippines) is a Filipino politician who was president of the Philippines (–10). Arroyo’s father, Diosdado P. Macapagal, was president of the Philippines from toCorruption charges and Oakwood Mutiny
Main article: Oakwood mutiny
The Oakwood mutiny occurred in the Philippines on July 27, A group of armed soldiers who called themselves "Bagong Katipuneros"[39] led by Army Capt. Gerardo Gambala and Navy Lt. Antonio Trillanes IV took over the Oakwood Premier Ayala Center (now Ascott Makati) serviced apartment tower in Makati to show the Filipino people the alleged corruption of the Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration, believing that the president was going to declare martial law.
Article VII Section 4 of the Constitution explicitly states that the president of the Philippines can only serve for one term. However, the same provision also implicitly states that a president's successor who has not served for more than four years can still seek a full term for the presidency. Although Arroyo fell under this category, she initially announced on December 29, , that she would not seek the presidency in She emphasized that she would devote her remaining months in office to serving the people and improving the economy of the Philippines.[40]
In October , Arroyo changed her mind and announced that she will run in the May presidential elections and seek a direct mandate from the people.
She explained, "There is a higher cause — to change societyin a way that flourishes our future".[41] With her decision, the initial criticisms hurled against Arroyo centered on her lack of word of honor.
Biography of gloria macapagal-arroyo international criminal court Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-Arroyo (Tagalog: [ˈɡloɾja makapaˈɡal ʔaˈɾojo]; born April 5, [3]), often referred to as PGMA or GMA, is a Filipino academic and politician who served as the 14th president of the Philippines from toAs predicted by SWS exit polls, Arroyo won the election by a margin of over one million votes against Poe. However, the congressional canvassing was quite contentious as opposition lawmakers in the National Board of Canvassers argued that there were many discrepancies in the election returns and that insinuations of cheating were raised.[42] On June 23, , Congress proclaimed Arroyo and Noli de Castro as president and vice president, respectively.
Second term (–)
Main article: Gloria Macapagal Arroyo presidential campaign
On June 30, , in a break with tradition, Arroyo first delivered her inaugural speech at the Quirino Grandstand in Manila.[43] She then departed for Cebu City for her oath taking,[44] the first time that a Philippine president took the oath of office outside of Luzon.
Allegations of cheating against Arroyo gained momentum one year after the May elections. In a press conference held on June 10, , Samuel Ong, former deputy director of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) claimed to have audio recordings of wiretapped conversations between Arroyo and an official of the Commission on Elections (COMELEC).[45]Virgilio Garcillano, a former COMELEC commissioner, would later be identified as the official talking to Arroyo.[46] According to Ong, the recordings allegedly proved that Arroyo ordered the rigging of the national elections for her to win by around one million votes against Poe.[47]
The recordings of Ong became known as the Hello Garci controversy and triggered massive protests against Arroyo.
Key members of her cabinet resigned from their respective posts and urged Arroyo to do the same. On June 27, , Arroyo admitted to inappropriately speaking to a COMELEC official, claiming it was a "lapse in judgement". She, however, denied influencing the outcome of the elections and declared that she won the elections fairly.[48] Arroyo did not resign despite the pressures coming from various sectors of society.
The Hello Garci controversy became the basis of the impeachment case filed against Arroyo in ;[49] attempts to impeach Arroyo failed later that year.[50] Another impeachment case was filed against Arroyo in but was also defeated at the House of Representatives.[51][52]
In October , lawyer Alan Paguia filed an impeachment complaint against Arroyo in connection with the issue of bribery.
Paguia's complaint was based on the revelation of Pampanga Governor Ed Panlilio that various governors received half a million pesos from Malacañang. The impeachment case, as of the middle of October , has already been referred to the House of Representatives Committee on Justice.
State of emergency
Main article: state of emergency in the Philippines
On February 24, , a plot to take over the government was uncovered by authorities, allegedly headed by Gen.
Danilo Lim and other rightist military adventurists. General Lim and some of his men were arrested.[53] To face the threat posed by enemies of the state, Arroyo issued Presidential Proclamation and used it as basis in declaring a state of emergency throughout the Philippines. According to Arroyo, this declaration was done to quell the military rebellion, stop lawless violence, and promote peace and stability.[54][55] Presidential Proclamation also empowered the government to enforce warrantless arrests and take over strategic private utilities companies.[56] Several members of the Senate, including Franklin Drilon, Francis Pangilinan, and Pia Cayetano, condemned the proclamation as it contravenes "the fundamental guarantees of the Constitution, particularly the basic civil liberties enshrined therein."[57]
The state of emergency existed for about one week with the purpose of curbing further violence, illegal rallies, and public disturbance throughout the Philippines.
The police and the military dispersed demonstrators and protesters, especially those along EDSA. Aside from General Lim, prominent personalities were also arrested in connection with their alleged participation in the attempt to overthrow the government.[53][55]
Presidential Proclamation was lifted on March 3, , but members of the opposition, private lawyers, and concerned citizens challenged its constitutionality before the Supreme Court.[58] On May 4, the high court declared the proclamation constitutional; however, it also ruled it was illegal for the government to implement warrantless arrests and seize private institutions and companies.[59]
Charter change
Arroyo spearheaded a controversial plan for an overhaul of the constitution to transform the present unitary and presidential republic with a bicameral legislature into a federal parliamentary government with a unicameral legislature.[60]
K–12 implementation process
After decades of surveys, consultations, and studies starting with the Monroe Survey in during the American period, the 9-year implementation process of K–12 curriculum finally began on May 20, during the Arroyo administration when Senator Mar Roxas filed the Omnibus Education Reform Act of (Senate Bill ) to strengthen the Philippine education system through timely interventions on the quality of teachers, the medium of instruction used and the evaluation of students' aptitude, among other aspects.
It mandates the effectivity of K–12 four years later on April 24, during the administration of Arroyo's successor Benigno Aquino III which increase in the number of years in basic education, from 10 years to 12 years as consistent with global standards.[61]
On January 7, , senator and presidential candidate Benigno Aquino III adopted the position of SB ; he said this will "give everyone an equal chance to succeed" and "have quality education and profitable jobs."[62][63]
Economy
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo §&#;Economy
Arroyo, who earned a master's degree and doctorate in economics, made the Philippine economy the focus of her presidency.
Annual economic growth in the Philippines averaged % during the Arroyo administration, expanding every quarter of her presidency.[64] This is higher than in the administrations of her three immediate predecessors, Corazon Aquino (%), Fidel Ramos (%), and Joseph Estrada (%).[65] The Philippine economy grew at its fastest pace in three decades in , with real GDP growth exceeding 7%.[66] The economy was one of the few to avoid contraction during the global financial crisis, faring better than its regional peers due to minimal exposure to troubled international securities, lower dependence on exports, relatively resilient domestic consumption, large remittances from four-to five-million overseas Filipino workers, and a growing business process outsourcing industry.[64] Arroyo's handling of the economy has earned praise from former US president Bill Clinton, who cited her "tough decisions" that put the Philippine economy back in shape.[67] Despite this growth, the poverty rate remained stagnant due to uneven distribution of income.
A controversial expanded value added tax (e-VAT) law, considered the centerpiece of the Arroyo administration's economic reform agenda, was implemented in November , aiming to complement revenue-raising efforts that could plug the country's large budget deficit.[68] Her administration originally set a target to balance the national budget by The tax measure boosted confidence in the government's fiscal capacity and helped to strengthen the Philippine peso, making it East Asia's best performing currency in –[69] The peso strengthened by nearly 20% in , making it one of Asia's better performing currencies for that year, a fact attributed to a combination of increased remittances from overseas Filipino workers and a strong domestic economy.[70]
Early in her presidency, Arroyo implemented a controversial policy of holiday economics, adjusting holidays to form longer weekends with the purpose of boosting domestic tourism and allowing Filipinos more time with their families.
Biography of gloria macapagal-arroyo international criminal court icc
Maria Gloria Macaraeg Macapagal-Arroyo (Tagalog: [ˈɡloɾja makapaˈɡal ʔaˈɾojo]; born April 5, [3]), often referred to as PGMA or GMA, is a Filipino academic and politician who served as the 14th president of the Philippines from toDomestic policies
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo §&#;Domestic policies
Foreign policies
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo §&#;Foreign Policies
Administration and cabinet
Main article: Presidency of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo §&#;Administration and cabinet
Public perception
The Social Weather Stations public opinion group has conducted quarterly surveys tracking the net satisfaction rating ("satisfied" rating minus "dissatisfied" rating") of President Arroyo.
She began her presidency in the first quarter of with a net satisfaction rating of + Her rating first dipped into the negative in the first quarter of , making Arroyo the only president to achieve a negative net satisfaction rating in SWS opinion polling. Her rating rebounded well into the positive in , in time for the presidential election where she won election to a new six-year term.
However, net satisfaction sunk back into negative territory in the fourth quarter of , and has remained negative since, dipping as low as −38 in the second quarter of Her net satisfaction rating in the first quarter of was −[71]
House of Representatives (–)
In November , Arroyo formally declared her intention to run for a seat in the House of Representatives representing the 2nd district of Pampanga, making her the second Philippine president – after Jose P.
Laurel – to pursue a lower office after the expiration of their presidency.[72] A petition seeking to disqualify Arroyo from the race was dismissed by the COMELEC for lack of merit, a decision which was later affirmed by the Supreme Court.[73] With little serious competition, she was elected to Congress in May with a landslide victory.[74] After receiving final military honors at the inauguration ceremony of incoming President Benigno Aquino III, she headed straight to San Fernando, Pampanga for her own oath-taking as congresswoman.[75]
Despite being considered the strongest contender for speaker of the House, Arroyo declined to seek the position, hoping instead to take on a role similar to Sonia Gandhi, who was influential as merely the head of her party.[76] On her first day as a lawmaker, Arroyo and her son Dato filed a resolution calling for Congress to call a constitutional convention to propose amendments to the existing constitution.[77]
While still confined in the Veterans Memorial Medical Center for hospital arrest, Arroyo successfully earned a second term as congresswoman for Pampanga's second congressional district at the conclusion of the Philippine mid-term elections on May 13, , defeating the ruling Liberal Party's Vivian Dabu, who was the provincial administrator under former Governor Ed Panlilio.[78] She was re-elected in for her third consecutive term, running unopposed.
spinal surgery
In early , Arroyo was diagnosed with cervical spondylosis or cervical radiculopathy. She was rushed to the St. Luke's Medical Center in Taguig on July 25, , minutes after the State of the Nation Address by Benigno Aquino III.[79] Doctors performed a five-hour spine surgery on July 29, [80] Two more surgeries occurred in August , which aggravated her hypoparathyroidism.
The House of Representatives, under the leadership of Speaker Feliciano Belmonte, Jr., issued a travel permit allowing her to have treatment in Germany despite the Department of Justice hold departure order.[81]
hospital arrest
Arroyo was arrested on November 18, , after a Pasay court issued a warrant of arrest against her, following the filing of a complaint for electoral sabotage by the COMELEC.[82] The arrest warrant was served at the St.
Luke's Medical Center in Taguig where Arroyo had been confined.[83][84] Days earlier, the Supreme Court had issued a resolution enjoining attempts by the Department of Justice to prevent her departure from the Philippines to seek medical treatment overseas.[85]
She was transferred to the Veterans Memorial Medical Center in Quezon City on December 9, [12][13] Arroyo was released from hospital arrest on bail on July 25, [86]
On October 29, , she refused to enter any plea on charges she misused $ million in state lottery funds during her term in office.[87] As of December , she was still in custody at the Veterans Memorial Medical Center.[88] On July 19, , the Supreme Court dismissed the corruption charges and ordered her release from the hospital where she had been detained since [89]
medical problems and reapplication for bail
Arroyo was transported to St.
Luke's Medical Center for tests and treatment and returned to confinement at the Veteran's Medical Center after medical incidents in May and June [90][91][92] In June, after the second of these incidents, her attorneys renewed application for bail.[93] In September, a third medical incident caused her to be again rushed to St.
Luke's for treatment and returned to confinement at the Veteran's Medical Center.[94]
United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention
In a case filed by human rights lawyer Amal Clooney, the United Nations Working Group on Arbitrary Detention declared Arroyo's hospital detention arbitrary and violative of the international law on human rights.
It recognized that the charges against Arroyo were politically motivated since she was detained as a result of her exercise to take part in government and that the detention was arbitrary and illegal under international law because the Sandiganbayan court failed to take into account her individual circumstances when it repeatedly denied her bail.[95]
Supreme Court acquittal
On July 19, , a few weeks after Duterte was sworn in as president, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of the dismissal of plunder case against Arroyo, gathering a vote of 11–4 which was read by spokesperson Theodore Te.[96][97]
She would later be assigned by Duterte's party, PDP-Laban, as a high-level member of the House of Representatives[98] after winning her third term as congresswoman in the House.
She was given committee chairmanships, among many other roles.[99]
Speaker of the House (–)
Arroyo was elected as the first female speaker of the House of Representatives of the Philippines.[] The election pushed through on July 23, , due to a controversial[] majority manifesto and vote that ousted Pantaleon Alvarez.
In August , amid rumors that she was gunning to become prime minister under a proposed federal government, which she was advocating in the House, Arroyo stated that she will retire from politics and would not pursue any position after the May elections.[]
In January , her speakership passed a House bill which lowered the criminal liability to twelve years old.[][] She had a net satisfaction rating of −4 in September , which further dropped to −21 in January , becoming one of the most unpopular House speakers in Philippine history.[] Her leadership also spearheaded the changing of House rules in relation to Statements of Assets, Liabilities, and Net Worth (SALNs), requiring a ₱ fee for access, which amounts to ₱87, for the SALNs of all members of the House of Representatives, making it difficult for the poor to monitor corruption in the House.[]
In February , Senator Panfilo Lacson accused Arroyo of adding an additional pork barrel of ₱60– million in the national budget.[]
Political retirement
Arroyo, although not holding any elective position, has been participating as a member of Lakas–CMD.
As of June , she is working on a memoir narrating her experiences as president, which she plans on limiting to pages for consumption by the general public.[]
On November 26, , President Rodrigo Duterte appointed Arroyo as presidential adviser on Clark programs and projects.[]
House of Representatives (–present)
Arroyo came out of retirement to seek a comeback to the House of Representatives in , running unopposed for the 2nd district of Pampanga.[] Her legal counsel, Peter Paul Magalang, filed the certificate of candidacy on her behalf.[] She has declared support to the candidacies of Bongbong Marcos for president and new Lakas party-mate Sara Duterte for vice president.[][] She also joined the caravans and campaign sorties of their UniTeam Alliance.[][]
On May 10, , Arroyo was proclaimed as representative of the 2nd district of Pampanga, succeeding her son Mikey once again for a fourth nonconsecutive term.[] Although she assumed office on June 30, ,[] she took her oath of office on May 26 in Lubao[] and on June 13 before outgoing President Rodrigo Duterte at the Malacañang Palace.[] Arroyo said she will join her fellow representatives in passing the legislative agenda of the administration of President Bongbong Marcos and will continue to push for projects aligned with the Pampanga Megalopolis program.[] She initially aimed to regain the House speakership in the 19th Congress, soon after Marcos was elected, but later rescinded after realizing that Marcos wanted his cousin and her Lakas partymate, Rep.
Martin Romualdez (Leyte–1st), to become the next House Speaker.[] She instead endorsed the speakership bid of Romualdez.[]
On July 25, , Arroyo was named as Senior Deputy Speaker of the House of Representatives under the new speakership of Martin Romualdez in the 19th Congress.[]
Arroyo became part of President Bongbong Marcos's delegation member of his international trips beginning on his working visit to Thailand in November for the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation summit.[] She has also joined him in his visits to Belgium,[] China,[]Davos in Switzerland,[] Japan,[] the United States,[] and Indonesia.[] Marcos also described her as his "secret weapon."[]
Her only daughter, Evangelina Lourdes Arroyo-Bernas, was made the country's ambassador to Austria in December She defended accusations of nepotism noting her daughter's qualifications.[]